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Here, we use responses to a retrospective questionnaire study of postmenopausal women, largely from the UK and US, to assess the impact of PND occurring in generation 1 on mother–child relationship quality across the life course of the child (generation 2) with whom it was associated, and also on the relationship quality with grandchildren (generation 3) from that child. Relationships with offspring also mediate grandparent-grandchild relations if PND negatively affects long-term mother–offspring relationship quality, it is also likely to negatively affect grandmaternal investment via reduced grandmother–grandchild relationship quality. Mother-child relationship quality is of interest from an evolutionary perspective as it plays a role in the accrual of offspring embodied capital, thus affecting offspring quality and offspring’s capacity to subsequently invest in their own children.
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However, until now little has been known about the impact of PND on the longer-term relationships between mothers and their children, and any intergenerational effects this may have. Postnatal depression (PND) is known to be associated with a range of detrimental child and adolescent outcomes, resulting from its disruptive impact on mother-child relationship quality. Postnatal depression is associated with detrimental life-long and multi-generational impacts on relationship quality. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom DOI 10.7717/peerj.4305 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Lydia Hopper Subject Areas Anthropology, Evolutionary Studies, Psychiatry and Psychology, Public Health, Women’s Health Keywords Postnatal depression, Relationships, Bonding, Mother-child, Embodied capital, Grandmothers, Bromley Postnatal Depression Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Intergenerational, Life history Copyright © 2018 Myers and Johns Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed.